TL;DR - You don't need to have a Mac server to have Macs in your environment. Everything can be done by Windows Servers. The only Mac server we have now is a Mac Mini running as a cache server (highly recommended!).
We run an (almost) entirely Mac based environment. All students use Macbooks and iPads and all staff have a choice between Mac OS or Windows.
Way back when, we used to manage all our accounts on Mac's by using Active directory. As said above the only thing you need to do is set the time server to your domain controller (we did this via managed preference so it could not be changed by users)... This way works, and was great paired with a simple mac management system for deploying applications and such. When a new computer arrive at IT we would image it (I think we used Deploy studio) and then bind to the domain and job's done. X serve was allowing macs access to the file shares.
Now that we are a lot more experienced with Mac OS (and the fact the students now own their own devices) we've moved away from the domain controllers and instead to a management suite (can we name drop on these forums?). Now literally everything is automated, from a new computer enrollments, to software installations, to remote recovery, software repairs and (though we don't like it) even imaging. We moved to Windows shares years ago and never looked back. We have a very hands off approach towards Computer deployment and management.
Not sure if any of this answers your question as I found your post a little difficult to read, however hopefully this post has some helpful information!