Here is an article that explains it all very, very well.
https://redmondmag.com/articles/2016/06/16/june-patch-breaks-group-policy-settings.aspx
Essentially MS changed the way GPO reading works and it is now done via the computer account. All GPOs must have the "Domain Computers" as a delegated permission with "Read" access. If you still want to scope the security filter down to users and remove "Authenticated Users' (Which by default includes all domain computers, hence why it works if left to default), then you need to give Domain Computers Read access.
GPanswers.com » Never a dull moment with Group Policy (or what to do about MS16-072)
The second link will have scripts to help you add "Domain Computers" to all current GPOs and add the group to all future created GPOs.