I just ran into the same problem, I know it is almost a year later, but thought if anyone else found this it would be useful.
The answer is that you must have a device placeholder set on the server for the profile to be installed.
I've been working with Apple Enterprise all summer on various issues related to 10.8 upgrades. One major problem is that more than 500 users in your directory server will show "No Users" in Profile manager. It is a visibility bug that has not been resolved as of 10.8.4.
