Sorry for the reply to this old topic but how did you fix this? I have the same issue. I have federated adfs with azure ad. 2 login screens now on Chromebooks.
And FN-GM what do you mean by setting up ADFS on Azure and G suite. In Gsuite i setup Azure as the IDP instead of ADFS. When i setup ADFS as IDP password changes are not updated to already logged in accounts on Chromebook. Then a user still needs to use the old password to login.